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firdausj
QUOTE
Turkey, Indonesia's uneasy ties with secularism
Tuesday, May 8. 2007

More than a million people protested the nomination of Abdullah Gul, the current Foreign Minister of Turkey, as the Justice and Development Party (AKP) choice for president. The protesters's opposition to sharia and a military coup d'etat bear witness to a divide in Turkey that has existed since even before the republic period following 1923. This divide doesn't exist in Turkey alone, but throughout the Muslim world including Indonesia.

First to avoid labeling this as a battle between Islam and secularism, the issue rests on Turkey's view of a new way forward without alienating its citizenry. Statistics on Turkish society as well as the visibility of many movements within it indicate that the populace is beginning to appreciate Islam more than it has in the past. This increased appreciation may have given most of the support to the AKP and thus placed them as the majority in the parliament.

Daniel Hummel, Jakarta Post

The protesters may have focused on this as many believe the party leans towards Islam. Whatever the reason this uneasy sentiment cast at Islam is the result of the flat-lining of global Islamic power. The Ottoman Turks, the predecessors of the current republic, developed first under Osman in the 14th century. Osman on his death bed told his son and successor, Orkhan, that he was to "cultivate justice and thereby embellish the earth. Rejoice my departed soul with a beautiful series of victories... propagate religion by thy arms. Promote the learned to honor, so the Divine Law shall be established." (Quoted from The Ottoman Centuries by Lord Kinross)

The Ottomans then went on to enter Europe and conquer Constantinople, making it Istanbul under Mehmed II in 1453. Mehmed II established secular state law, but this law was always subject to review by the chief mufti or Islamic religious leader, and could be rejected upon contradiction with the tenets of Islam. The administration of the empire was left to a meritocracy of slaves that were educated at the Palace School in Islam, the liberal arts, physical arts, and math. Mehmed II also pursued the military sciences and the arts, and his economic policies were deeply based on the Islamic system of wakaf (endowments) and these, along with guilds, allowed the empire to flourish.

As the empire expanded it was welcomed by many Orthodox and Protestant Christians who were often oppressed by Catholic rule in Europe. Tolerance under this Islamic state was renowned while different religious communities formed self-governing units living under their own laws. This system was directly derived from that established by the Prophet Muhammad in Medina.

Europe both feared and admired the Ottoman Empire. Ten Sultans passed before it began to collapse, making it official when under Mehmed IV a second attempt was made on Vienna to the demise of the Turkish army.

This situation persisted until the 19th century when after the religious establishment weakened the philosophies of Europe took over. Many Turks began to support the nationalist (secular) dream. This culminated in the early 20th century when the Turks suffered their final defeat in World War I and Ataturk rose as the new leader of the Republic of Turkey. His rise saw a lashing out against the only thing that could upset a nationalist state, Islam. Almost everything Islamic was forbidden, thus bringing to a close the last Islamic power in history.

Meanwhile, Indonesia on the other side of the Islamic world from Turkey also had bouts between secularism and Islam. Under Sukarno in 1945 a preamble to a future constitution allowed for inroads of sharia, which was later struck out because of fears of succession by the eastern Indonesian provinces which were predominantly Christian.

The removal did not matter in this regards because five years later the Republic of South Maluku was declared and had to be quelled by the Indonesian forces. The Constitution of Indonesia remained the same, but still possessed more religion within it than that established in Turkey.

Secularism really didn't hit Indonesia until Soeharto in 1965, when the military and therefore the civil administration became dominated by nominal Muslims and non-Muslims. The enforcement of SARA policy (prohibition of ethnic, religious, racial, and inter-group discussions) and the violent actions taken towards Islamic movements witnessed in 1984 can be easily mirrored with Ataturk's Turkey. The creation of a highly centralized nationalist government under such circumstances replicated in many regards the Turkish problem.

The Muslim-majority nations of today like Indonesia and Turkey continue to run under systems largely imported and the people after so many years are not content living within them. This means the Islamic states are the most unstable and also the most oppressive of their own people to maintain control. This oppression precipitates the act of "brain-drain", the flight of intellectuals from Islamic countries to Western countries. This causes the lack of scientific and intellectual progress in the Islamic world. This also causes terrorism.

In contrast with Soeharto, who replaced religion with nationalism only, Ataturk also replaced religion with science. The replacement has paid off educationally for the Turks. That is one-half of what made the old Ottoman Empire great and stable, the other half, the drive of religion, is still missing.

This gap is being felt in Turkish society as well as Indonesian society. The absolute secularists push for secularism and the dismissal of Islam may push Turkey into a more dangerous place, a place Indonesia is avoiding for now.

The writer, who holds a BA in international relations from Pennsylvania State University, is working with Trisakti University in Jakarta in its Islamic Economics and Finance program.
firdausj
QUOTE
Benang Kusut Sekularisme di Turki

Pada akhir 2006, saya berkunjung ke Turki. Di salah satu media lokal saya membaca kekhawatiran pengamat politik tentang masa depan sekularisme di Turki. Di satu sisi, Turki sedang menyiapkan diri untuk diterima sebagai salah satu negara Eropa, di sisi lain dimensi historis sebagai Dinasti Ottoman, salah satu dinasti Islam terbesar dan terlama, tidak bisa dihapus begitu saja.

Kini kekhawatiran pengamat politik terbuki. Pasalnya, Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan, partai yang memerintah saat ini mencalonkan Abdullah Gul sebagai satu-satunya calon presiden. Dia tokoh yang didukung PM Recep Tayyib Erdogan dan Menteri Luar Negeri.

Gul dikenal publik sebagai salah satu tokoh muslim dan istrinya memakai jilbab. Bagi kalangan sekuler, bila Gul terpilih sebagai presiden, dikhawatirkan dia akan mengotak-atik sekularisme yang sudah mendarah-daging bagi rakyat Turki.

Karena itu, Panglima Tertinggi Militer Turki menyampaikan pernyataan, jika sekularisme terancam, dia akan mengambil langkah-langkah yang sangat tegas. Kalangan militer akan bertindak sesuai konstitusi yang dibuat di atas fundamen sekularisme.

Publik yang mengimani sekularisme sebagai pilihan ideologi politik juga memberikan reaksi keras. Setidaknya 300 ribu warga yang menghendaki sekularisme tetap bertahan di Turki berdemonstrasi mendukung sikap militer untuk menjaga identitas Turki sebagai negara sekuler.

Di pihak lain, publik yang mendukung inisiatif Erdogan dan pencalonan Abdullah Gul tak tinggal diam. Mereka turun ke jalan untuk mendukung Gul sebagai tokoh yang tepat untuk menjabat presiden Turki. Toh, Erdogan dan Gul berjanji tidak akan membawa misi islamisme ke dalam pemerintahan dan mempunyai komitmen yang kuat untuk mempertahankan sekularisme.

Lalu Apa Masalahnya?

Setidaknya ada dua alasan yang membuat kekhawatiran tersebut berlebihan. Pertama, publik Turki mempunyai trauma sejarah politik yang cukup panjang. Bilamana sekularisme digantikan islamisme, hal tersebut merupakan salah satu kemunduran dalam ranah politik. Mengapa? Sekularisme diyakini telah membawa angin segar bagi perubahan politik yang demokratis. Bagi kalangan sekuler, Turki merupakan satu-satunya negara berpenduduk muslim, tetapi dapat menerima sekularisme sebagai ideologi. Karena itu, bila Gul terpilih sebagai presiden dikhawatirkan muncul upaya-upaya menggoyahkan sekularisme.

Kedua, istri Abdullah Gul adalah seorang muslimah yang taat. Dia perempuan yang memakai jilbab. Dan, jilbab merupakan salah satu ideologi kalangan islamis dan salah satu simbol yang ditolak kalangan sekuler.Bilamana Gul terpilih, istri Gul adalah istri presiden yang pertama menggunakan jilbab. Karena itu, hal tersebut merupakan salah satu kekhawatiran kubu sekuler yang bertahan sejak 1924 hingga sekarang.

Ketiga, istana kepresidenan Turki sejak periode Kamal Attaturk adalah istana yang didiami tokoh-tokoh sekuler. Nah, jika Gul terpilih sebagai presiden, hal itu akan menjadi salah satu preseden buruk bagi kalangan sekuler, karena istana kenegaraan akan ditempati seorang muslim yang identik dengan ideologi islamismenya.

Atas ketiga alasan tersebut, kubu sekuler khawatir Turki akan mengalami kemunduran dalam ranah politik. Publik Turki sadar betul terhadap masalah yang dihadapi sejumlah negara yang mengusung ideologi islamisme. Negara-negara tersebut jauh lebih otoriter daripada negara-negara yang menganut ideologi sekuler, khususnya demokrasi. Islamisme telah menyimpan trauma politik tidak hanya di masa lalu mereka, tetapi juga di masa kini negara-negara lain.

Namun, bila diteliti dengan seksama, kekhawatiran kubu sekuler berlebihan. Kekhawatiran tersebut muncul dari kacamata yang sangat personal, dan karenanya bisa dianggap sangat sempit. Mereka sebenarnya khawatir terhadap sosok Abdullah Gul dan cenderung mengabaikan komitmen Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan, yang direpresentasikan Erdogan sebagai perdana menteri.

Kendati dikenal sebagai salah satu partai yang beraliran islamis, partai tersebut merupakan satu-satunya partai Islam moderat yang tidak hanya di Turki, tapi barangkali di dunia. Ridwan Sayyed dalam tulisannya di harian al-Hayat mencatat sejumlah keberhasilan selama kepemimpinan Erdogan. Pertama, Erdogan telah menorehkan prestasi dalam bidang ekonomi.

Dalam waktu sekejap, Erdogan mampu mendesain perekonomian Turki menjadi salah satu terminal bagi investor asing, baik yang datang dari Amerika maupun Eropa. Dia menganut pasar bebas dan menekan secara serius pratik kolusi, korupsi, dan nepotisme.

Kedua, Erdogan mempunyai inisiatif cukup penting untuk mengantarkan Turki menjadi satu negara yang masuk dalam Uni-Eropa. Kendati upaya tersebut belum berhasil, komitmennya untuk menjadi bagian dari Eropa tidak perlu dipertanyakan lagi.

Ketiga, Erdogan secara politik bisa dikatakan berhasil karena mampu meletakkan politik yang rasional dan objektif. Misalnya, di satu sisi dia membuka hubungan diplomatik dengan Israel. Di sisi lain, dia turut memperjuangkan hak-hak rakyat Palestina untuk merdeka dan senantiasa mendorong perdamaian di kawasan tersebut.

Dalam peta politik Timur Tengah yang makin kusut, khususnya yang menimpa Iraq dan Iran belakangan ini, Turki merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai peran mediasi sangat sentral. Dia bisa menjadi jembatan dan mediator bagi Iraq, Iran, dan Syiria. Begitu pula bagi Amerika dan Eropa. Dia juga telah mengirimkan tentara ke Lebanon dan Afghanistan.

Keempat, Erdogan selama kepemimpinannya membuktikan bahwa Turki merupakan salah satu negara yang aman dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelum dia memimpin. Dia mampu membuktikan politik yang terbuka dan demokratis, yang dibangun di atas stabilitas ekonomi merupakan keharusan untuk menjadikan Turki sebagai negara yang modern dan maju.

Penulis: Zuhairi Misrawi, analis Pemikiran dan Politik Timur Tengah.
Jawapos online
gentoo
Secularism & religion don't mix well together; the government should enact a law that bans gov's involvment in citizen's religious' affair.
HangPC2
Islam
Manleow
why do My Friendly Mulsim friends get offended when i talk about Islam? most other times i get along so well with my muslim friends, but when i start asking questions about Islam, they turn red, or i get this sorta bad vibe coming from them? I mean, i dont think they are the extreme types, but it saddens me to see how their faith controls their emotions, so much so, it alters their attitude in a negative way
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