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avisitor
Now, I'm not talking about growing up and moving out of your parents home.
I'm talking about when matter becomes living tissue.
Say a single cell is alive cause it meets the criteria for life
Then if one kills it before its own natural expiry then is it murder??
If it isn't life then can someone come along and start to pop all your cells one by one ??

After conception, when does a the fetus become alive???
sawan
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 3 2011, 09:54 PM) *
Now, I'm not talking about growing up and moving out of your parents home.
I'm talking about when matter becomes living tissue.
Say a single cell is alive cause it meets the criteria for life
Then if one kills it before its own natural expiry then is it murder??
If it isn't life then can someone come along and start to pop all your cells one by one ??

After conception, when does a the fetus become alive???



Which one is your first cell in your body?
DEL
Technically one cell is already life, but we can't attach to ''one cell'' emotionally, so we don't see it as something alive.

If i made a girl pregnant and the time isnt right yet for a kid, i wouldn't have problems it to abort it in the first 2 months. I won't feel sorry for the fetus, but only for her. She will probably have a bigger problem with it. But after 2-3 months, it will be tough.


I don't know when the specific stages of the fetus are reached, but one women i know was once too late to use medicines to ''abort it inside.'' I guess quickly it would be too late for that after 3-4 months. So the baby had to be born. She used medicines to stop the development, but the baby always stayed alive. She did this, because tests confirmed that the baby had a high change of getting the Down syndrome. So after 8 months or so, the baby had to be born. It stayed alive for an hour and it even was in her hands and even had to give it a name. Now that is hard!


Btw, we all aren't as old as our age. The cells in our body will replace themselves after maximally 10 years. There is nothing in our body older than 10 years, so technically you can't say you are older than 10 years. Even our thoughts don't go back to day 1. By being unhealthy, you will shorten the lifespan of your cells, so you are indeed killing yourself slowly.

avisitor
QUOTE (sawan @ Aug 4 2011, 02:02 AM) *
Which one is your first cell in your body?

The first cell has passed. Much like your first day being born has passed.
Please no more of your mind games here.
You can play with GW ... he thrives on being called upon to display his knowledge or lack of ...

QUOTE (DEL @ Aug 4 2011, 02:46 AM) *
Technically one cell is already life, but we can't attach to ''one cell'' emotionally, so we don't see it as something alive.

If i made a girl pregnant and the time isnt right yet for a kid, i wouldn't have problems it to abort it in the first 2 months. I won't feel sorry for the fetus, but only for her. She will probably have a bigger problem with it. But after 2-3 months, it will be tough.


I don't know when the specific stages of the fetus are reached, but one women i know was once too late to use medicines to ''abort it inside.'' I guess quickly it would be too late for that after 3-4 months. So the baby had to be born. She used medicines to stop the development, but the baby always stayed alive. She did this, because tests confirmed that the baby had a high change of getting the Down syndrome. So after 8 months or so, the baby had to be born. It stayed alive for an hour and it even was in her hands and even had to give it a name. Now that is hard!


Btw, we all aren't as old as our age. The cells in our body will replace themselves after maximally 10 years. There is nothing in our body older than 10 years, so technically you can't say you are older than 10 years. Even our thoughts don't go back to day 1. By being unhealthy, you will shorten the lifespan of your cells, so you are indeed killing yourself slowly.

Yeah, it is tough on the girl. In high school, there was a girl who would have an episode of cutting her wrist in an effort to kill herself. This happened twice in the year that she was there. I got the back story from a friend of her boyfriend. She had gotten pregnant and her mother wasn't going to let a baby be born out of marriage or ruin her daughter's chances of going to college. She got the doctor to shoot her with a drug to induce labor. and the next day she was to go through a procedure to abort the fetus. But, during the night, she had terrible pains and aborted the fetus over night. The fetus looked like a very small baby. She supposedly held the dead fetus in her arms for hours before calling for help. Something snapped and all she wanted to do .. was not have to deal with what she went through. Yeah, it can be tougher for the girl.

I would like to talk about when creating life in the lab. When does a collection of chemicals and electricity become life??
When does something inanimate become animate??
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 4 2011, 10:04 PM) *
The first cell has passed. Much like your first day being born has passed.
Please no more of your mind games here.
You can play with GW ... he thrives on being called upon to display his knowledge or lack of...


He who is empty cannot be affected by mind games. embarassedlaugh.gif
avisitor
QUOTE (GentleWind @ Aug 4 2011, 10:19 PM) *
He who is empty cannot be affected by mind games. embarassedlaugh.gif

You're an idiot and you play mind games cause you just don't any better.
A person with an empty mind is dead.
It isn't an empty mind that holds the truth about the answers to suffering.
It isn't an empty mind that walks the eightfold path.
It isn't an empty mind that can understand Buddhism much less talk about it.

Please do not respond to my post if you have nothing but non-sense to share.
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 4 2011, 10:23 PM) *
You're an idiot and you play mind games cause you just don't any better.
A person with an empty mind is dead.
It isn't an empty mind that holds the truth about the answers to suffering.
It isn't an empty mind that walks the eightfold path.
It isn't an empty mind that can understand Buddhism much less talk about it.

Please do not respond to my post if you have nothing but non-sense to share.


embarassedlaugh.gif
tangawizi
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 4 2011, 05:54 AM) *
Now, I'm not talking about growing up and moving out of your parents home.
I'm talking about when matter becomes living tissue.
Say a single cell is alive cause it meets the criteria for life
Then if one kills it before its own natural expiry then is it murder??
If it isn't life then can someone come along and start to pop all your cells one by one ??

After conception, when does a the fetus become alive???


How about the sperm and the ovum?

Should we consider the senseless murder of millions of potential sentient beings?
extra hour
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 3 2011, 09:54 PM) *
Now, I'm not talking about growing up and moving out of your parents home.
I'm talking about when matter becomes living tissue.
Say a single cell is alive cause it meets the criteria for life
Then if one kills it before its own natural expiry then is it murder??
If it isn't life then can someone come along and start to pop all your cells one by one ??

After conception, when does a the fetus become alive???


Human life begins at conception. That is biological fact. One could argue philosophically human life only begins at birth but that is a philosophical argument and not a biologically scientific argument.

An embryo already has half its genes from its mother and half from its father.
extra hour
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 4 2011, 09:04 PM) *
I would like to talk about when creating life in the lab. When does a collection of chemicals and electricity become life??
When does something inanimate become animate??



Biology is the branch of science dedicated to the study of life. It provides a list of attributes to "life" but understands its understanding of what we term "life" might be limited.

You would probably be interested in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Life (termed A-Life). Pretty fascinating stuff.

In biology there are different taxonomical ways of categorizing species. Largely its an art more than a science as some of it can depend upon looking at the physical phenotype differences between various creatures.

However, we a collecting the genomic profiles of different species. Humans are a species of animals and one might be familiar with the tern "human genome." The "genome" being the sum of genes in a species and or an individual creature. We can therefore define and recognize human life by its genome. At conception human life contains its whole genome. This is what allows an embryo to grow into a fetus and a fetus to develop into a 12 year old boy, later into a taller 30 year old man, and later into a bent, wrinkled, 90 year old man with white hair.






The non-academic source Wikipedia on "Life"

QUOTE
Life (cf. biota) is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes (i. e., living organisms) from those that do not,[1][2] either because such functions have ceased (death), or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.[3][4] Biology is the science concerned with the study of life.

Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.[1][5] A diverse array of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and the properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information.

In philosophy and religion, the conception of life and its nature varies. Both offer interpretations as to how life relates to existence and consciousness, and both touch on many related issues, including life stance, purpose, conception of a god or gods, a soul or an afterlife.

mastaping
I believe life begins at conception...Because wouldn't something "be" once it is "created"? Perhaps a soul has already been designated for that forming group of cells.
Its not our beating hearts, the electrical pulses running through our brains, nor blood pumping through our veins, that makes us human, its our souls.
tangawizi
So would u take a scientific or religious definition of life?


mastaping
QUOTE (tangawizi @ Aug 5 2011, 10:57 AM) *
So would u take a scientific or religious definition of life?

I'd say I take a rather spiritual definition of life.....IMO if i were to take a purely scientific take on this I'd say Life does not begin until there is cognitive thought...which! we cannot really tell when that begins to happen...
extra hour
QUOTE (mastaping @ Aug 5 2011, 02:17 PM) *
I'd say I take a rather spiritual definition of life.....IMO if i were to take a purely scientific take on this I'd say Life does not begin until there is cognitive thought...which! we cannot really tell when that begins to happen...


Biology views life as one or more cells. That's not my opinion but that's what's taught in every biology course. Biologist then categorize different organism into species based upon their physical design and or genomic structure.

The issue of humans being one among many species in the animal kingdom that sexually reproduce is not an "issue" among biologist, it's only an issue among non-biologist that view it as "unfair" and getting in the way of so much "fun."

Bear in mind, in the theory of evolution having many offspring is good. The woman that has 7 children is considered more "fit" then the woman that has 1 or no children.

It has to do with the spreading of one's genes (which Richard Dawkin's believes is primary purpose of the human - a mere vehicle for the genes). Theoretically, one could live forever through their genes being eternally spread on earth. Those that spread more of their genes have an advantage - per natural selection - over those that sparsely spread their genes.






Fitness (Wikipedia, a non-academic source)

QUOTE
Fitness (biology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Fitness (often denoted w in population genetics models) is a central idea in evolutionary theory. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype. In either case, it describes the ability to both survive and reproduce, and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype. If differences between alleles at a given gene affect fitness, then the frequencies of the alleles will change over generations; the alleles with higher fitness become more common. This process is called natural selection.

An individual's fitness is manifested through its phenotype. As phenotype is affected by both genes and environment, the fitnesses of different individuals with the same genotype are not necessarily equal, but depend on the environment in which the individuals live. However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it will reflect the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype.

Inclusive fitness differs from individual fitness by including the ability of an allele in one individual to promote the survival and/or reproduction of other individuals that share that allele, in preference to individuals with a different allele. One mechanism of inclusive fitness is kin selection.
Henry123
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 3 2011, 10:54 PM) *
Now, I'm not talking about growing up and moving out of your parents home.
I'm talking about when matter becomes living tissue.
Say a single cell is alive cause it meets the criteria for life
Then if one kills it before its own natural expiry then is it murder??
If it isn't life then can someone come along and start to pop all your cells one by one ??

After conception, when does a the fetus become alive???

hymmm good question.

After conception when does a fetus become alive?
I read somewhere brain wave activities of a fetus doesnt start immediately after conception it takes about "6 weeks" (I forget exactly when though so I'm just throwing out a number) befor it activates.

As for matter becoming living tissue. I dont know.
avisitor
QUOTE (Henry123 @ Aug 5 2011, 06:58 PM) *
hymmm good question.

After conception when does a fetus become alive?
I read somewhere brain wave activities of a fetus doesnt start immediately after conception it takes about "6 weeks" (I forget exactly when though so I'm just throwing out a number) befor it activates.

As for matter becoming living tissue. I dont know.

I would guess that the tissue is alive but until there is something more to distinguish it to being more than plant life,
it maybe should be considered just like flesh and nothing more. The tough part is that it looks a whole hell of a lot more than simple plant life and resembles a human being.

Something inanimate ... a collection of chemicals ... suddenly becoming alive and reproducing like a virus or bacteria
makes it seem like a sci fi story. But, I am afraid that it is happening today with all the new diseases that keep popping up.
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 6 2011, 07:31 AM) *
I would guess that the tissue is alive but until there is something more to distinguish it to being more than plant life,
it maybe should be considered just like flesh and nothing more. The tough part is that it looks a whole hell of a lot more than simple plant life and resembles a human being.

Something inanimate ... a collection of chemicals ... suddenly becoming alive and reproducing like a virus or bacteria
makes it seem like a sci fi story. But, I am afraid that it is happening today with all the new diseases that keep popping up.


So when non-living matter becomes living matter? Like when can a table become a human? embarassedlaugh.gif. When they can walk and talk. embarassedlaugh.gif
avisitor
QUOTE (GentleWind @ Aug 6 2011, 09:04 AM) *
So when non-living matter becomes living matter? Like when can a table become a human? embarassedlaugh.gif. When they can walk and talk. embarassedlaugh.gif

Apparently, your head is like the table ... lacking thought or understanding .. it is just a table
When will you stop playing these games and come to realize the true nature of your life???
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 6 2011, 11:43 AM) *
Apparently, your head is like the table ... lacking thought or understanding .. it is just a table
When will you stop playing these games and come to realize the true nature of your life???


How do you know a table does not have thought? embarassedlaugh.gif.

So I should act like you want me to act? embarassedlaugh.gif
extra hour
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 6 2011, 07:31 AM) *
I would guess that the tissue is alive but until there is something more to distinguish it to being more than plant life,
it maybe should be considered just like flesh and nothing more.



Rather than guessing we can consult science.

An embryo contains all the human genetic information, all its hereditary information from both its parents. Plants are part of a species too. No woman gives birth to a plant - hence "Planned Parenthood."

This is all basic biology stuff - be it high school or college.

The idea someone is 70% European is a far more dubious proposition. Biologist and geneticists are hesitant about listing people as 70% European and 30% African, but they will give these results to the public because its an easier way of communicating their genetic findings with them. One would have to understand a little more about genetics to understand why that is, but I'm not going to get in to that. What is not in any dispute is that a human embryo is genetically human life.

It's not magic. Nor does human life begin by spells being cast.






Many Americans think human life of the unborn is under dispute because of the Supreme Court ruling in Roe vs. Wade. Not the case. The Supreme Court justices are lawyers by training not scientists. They acknowledged this in their ruling on Roe and stated they will state out the debate of when human life begins. They ruled in favor of legalizing abortion based on privacy rights. For the Court (I remember that at least one Justice opposed - voted against - legalizing abortion) the child's life is secondary to the choice of the mothers. One Justice wrote that it is time to allow women to compete with men in the workforce by allowing them to have abortions and unshackle them from the responsibilities of motherhood.

Roe vs. Wade For Men was shot down by the U.S. Supreme Court and opposed by feminist groups. Men have every right to "privacy" rights and choice as women. But the Court ruled engaging in sex is risky behavior and men must take responsibility for their sexual activity.
avisitor
QUOTE (GentleWind @ Aug 6 2011, 02:22 PM) *
How do you know a table does not have thought? embarassedlaugh.gif.

So I should act like you want me to act? embarassedlaugh.gif

You are not a child who needs to be told what is right or wrong.
So you must decide for yourself if yours is the right path.
Continue with your ways and see where it will lead you??

QUOTE (extra hour @ Aug 6 2011, 07:45 PM) *
Rather than guessing we can consult science.

An embryo contains all the human genetic information, all its hereditary information from both its parents. Plants are part of a species too. No woman gives birth to a plant - hence "Planned Parenthood."
Cells in your hand also contain all the genetic information and hereditary information from your parents
So, if you cut yourself and dislodge some flesh then do we say you had an abortion??

QUOTE (extra hour @ Aug 6 2011, 07:45 PM) *
This is all basic biology stuff - be it high school or college.

The idea someone is 70% European is a far more dubious proposition. Biologist and geneticists are hesitant about listing people as 70% European and 30% African, but they will give these results to the public because its an easier way of communicating their genetic findings with them. One would have to understand a little more about genetics to understand why that is, but I'm not going to get in to that. What is not in any dispute is that a human embryo is genetically human life.

It's not magic. Nor does human life begin by spells being cast.
Yes an embryo is essentially human life but when does it become life different from a plant??
Or lets say different than that piece of flesh dislodged by cutting yourself??

QUOTE (extra hour @ Aug 6 2011, 07:45 PM) *
Many Americans think human life of the unborn is under dispute because of the Supreme Court ruling in Roe vs. Wade. Not the case. The Supreme Court justices are lawyers by training not scientists. They acknowledged this in their ruling on Roe and stated they will state out the debate of when human life begins. They ruled in favor of legalizing abortion based on privacy rights. For the Court (I remember that at least one Justice opposed - voted against - legalizing abortion) the child's life is secondary to the choice of the mothers. One Justice wrote that it is time to allow women to compete with men in the workforce by allowing them to have abortions and unshackle them from the responsibilities of motherhood.

Roe vs. Wade For Men was shot down by the U.S. Supreme Court and opposed by feminist groups. Men have every right to "privacy" rights and choice as women. But the Court ruled engaging in sex is risky behavior and men must take responsibility for their sexual activity.

I don't argue with people who were put in place by other people who were voted for by the general population
What would be the sense?? They made their decision already ... I'm still questioning the topic.

If you are looking for fair or justice coming from the Supreme Court then I would say that you won't find it.
After all they have a woman holding a balance with a blindfold on ... tells you the nature of their business.
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 6 2011, 07:52 PM) *
You are not a child who needs to be told what is right or wrong.
So you must decide for yourself if yours is the right path.
Continue with your ways and see where it will lead you??


I am not a child but you are trying to tell what my path is? embarassedlaugh.gif. You are funny avi$hitor.




extra hour
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 6 2011, 07:52 PM) *
Cells in your hand also contain all the genetic information and hereditary information from your parents
So, if you cut yourself and dislodge some flesh then do we say you had an abortion??


Every cell carries the genotype of a person as I recall.

But - and I have no biology book in front of me - the cells in the heart muscle, brain tissue, and as in your example... the various tissues in the hand, are specific cells that reproduce, with the coded information for that specific tissue. Part of this comes from cells communicating with one another (through chemical messages).

QUOTE
Yes an embryo is essentially human life but when does it become life different from a plant??
Or lets say different than that piece of flesh dislodged by cutting yourself??


A plant is an organism. So, is an embryo. Organisms like humans have organs. I forget the whole ladder system but organs I remember are made up of tissue. And if I remember correctly bone is even a form of tissue.

What differentiates a human embryo from a plant is its genome.


Organism

QUOTE
In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system (such as animal, fungus, micro-organism, or plant). In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homoeostasis as a stable whole.

An organism may either be unicellular (single-celled) or be composed of, as for instance humans, many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. The term multicellular (many-celled) describes any organism made up of more than one cell.


QUOTE
Scientific classification in biology considers organisms synonymous with "life on Earth". Based on cell type, organisms may be divided into the prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups. The prokaryotes represent two separate domains, the Bacteria and Archaea. Eukaryotic organisms, with a membrane-bounded cell nucleus, also contain organelles, namely mitochondria and (in plants) plastids, generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria.[6] Fungi, animals and plants are examples of species that are eukaryotes.



Ah... I just remembered that plant cells are a bit different from human cells or animals cells too. Plant cells have cellular walls and conduct photosynthesis were as animals cells don't. Animals cells derive their energy from ATP and - I might be remembering incorrectly about this - the ATP is created in or passes through the mitocandria organalle in animals cells.

So, just at the cellular level a human embryo is different from a plant.
avisitor
QUOTE (GentleWind @ Aug 6 2011, 09:40 PM) *
I am not a child but you are trying to tell what my path is? embarassedlaugh.gif. You are funny avi$hitor.

No one is trying to tell you what your path is.
Only that you make your own choice.
Wow, must I now tell you the meaning of the words cuz you don't know how to read???
You really are dumb as an embryo ... embarassedlaugh.gif

QUOTE (extra hour @ Aug 7 2011, 07:12 PM) *
Every cell carries the genotype of a person as I recall.

But - and I have no biology book in front of me - the cells in the heart muscle, brain tissue, and as in your example... the various tissues in the hand, are specific cells that reproduce, with the coded information for that specific tissue. Part of this comes from cells communicating with one another (through chemical messages).


A plant is an organism. So, is an embryo. Organisms like humans have organs. I forget the whole ladder system but organs I remember are made up of tissue. And if I remember correctly bone is even a form of tissue.

What differentiates a human embryo from a plant is its genome.

Ah... I just remembered that plant cells are a bit different from human cells or animals cells too. Plant cells have cellular walls and conduct photosynthesis were as animals cells don't. Animals cells derive their energy from ATP and - I might be remembering incorrectly about this - the ATP is created in or passes through the mitocandria organalle in animals cells.

So, just at the cellular level a human embryo is different from a plant.
Sorry, my comparison or analogy was very bad. My apologies.
My meaning was to use plant life as an example of life. Not to directly compare its structure and function.
So, the question was more like what makes an embryo or fetus so special that abortion is akin to murder???
When does it change from being a piece of flesh to being a human being???
When does it become more than ordinary flesh???
Certainly flesh has all the DNA information as a fetus or embryo ... just the end result is different ...
So when does it become life that removing it becomes akin to murder??
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 7 2011, 09:17 PM) *
No one is trying to tell you what your path is.
Only that you make your own choice.
Wow, must I now tell you the meaning of the words cuz you don't know how to read???
You really are dumb as an embryo ... embarassedlaugh.gif


You are telling what I am or what I am not again when I am not asking for any of your advice.

Well at least I did not make some dumb choice. embarassedlaugh.gif
avisitor
QUOTE (GentleWind @ Aug 8 2011, 01:14 AM) *
You are telling what I am or what I am not again when I am not asking for any of your advice.

Well at least I did not make some dumb choice. embarassedlaugh.gif

You have wasted enough time and space here.
Also, you are completely off topic.
Please respond to the topic or do not reply, thank you for your courtesy.
GentleWind
QUOTE (avisitor @ Aug 8 2011, 08:17 AM) *
You have wasted enough time and space here.
Also, you are completely off topic.
Please respond to the topic or do not reply, thank you for your courtesy.


You are here to save the world? embarassedlaugh.gif

Life is in my pants and begins in my pants. What don't you get about this? badteeth.gif
tangawizi
QUOTE
Multiple Dimensions Shape Our Perception Of Mind, Harvard Study Suggests

ScienceDaily (Feb. 3, 2007) — Through an online survey of more than 2,000 people, psychologists at Harvard University have found that we perceive the minds of others along two distinct dimensions: agency, an individual's ability for self-control, morality and planning; and experience, the capacity to feel sensations such as hunger, fear and pain.

The findings, presented this week in the journal Science, not only overturn the traditional notion that people see mind along a single continuum, but also provide a framework for understanding many moral and legal decisions and highlight the subjective nature of perceiving mental attributes in others.

"Important societal beliefs, such as those about capital punishment, abortion, and the legitimacy of torture, rest on perceptions of these dimensions, as do beliefs about a number of philosophical questions," says co-author Kurt Gray, a doctoral student in Harvard's Department of Psychology. "Can robots ever have moral worth? What is it like to be God? Is the human experience unique?"

Gray worked alongside fellow psychologists Heather Gray and Daniel Wegner on the study, which presented respondents with 13 characters: 7 living human forms (7-week-old fetus, 5-month-old infant, 5-year-old girl, adult woman, adult man, man in a persistent vegetative state, and the respondent himself or herself), 3 non-human animals (frog, family dog, and wild chimpanzee), a dead woman, God, and a sociable robot.

Participants were asked to rate the characters on the extent to which each possessed a number of capacities, ranging from hunger, fear, embarrassment, and pleasure to self-control, morality, memory and thought. Their analyses yielded two distinct dimensions by which people perceive the minds of others, agency and experience.

These dimensions are independent: An entity can be viewed to have experience without having any agency, and vice versa. For instance, respondents viewed the infant as high in experience but low in agency -- having feelings, but unaccountable for its actions -- while God was viewed as having agency but not experience.

"Respondents, the majority of whom were at least moderately religious, viewed God as an agent capable of moral action, but without much capacity for experience," Gray says. "We find it hard to envision God sharing any of our feelings or desires."

Respondents viewed themselves and other "normal" human adults as highest in both dimensions, possessing both experience and agency; perhaps not surprisingly, they attributed neither dimension to the dead person. Some characters, such as the fetus and the man in a persistent vegetative state had little agency, and ranked somewhere in the middle on experience, which suggests that people disagree on whether these entities are truly capable of experience.

"The perception of experience to these characters is important, because along with experience comes a suite of inalienable rights, the most important of which is the right to life," Gray says. "If you see a man in a persistent vegetative state as having feelings, it feels wrong to pull the plug on him, whereas if he is just a lump of firing neurons, we have less compunction at freeing up his hospital bed."

If attributing experience to another entity is the key to imbuing them with moral worth, he says, attributing agency is the key for holding them responsible for their actions.

"When we perceive agency in another, we believe they have the capacity to recognize right from wrong and can punish them accordingly," Gray says. "The legal system, with its insanity and reduced capacity defenses, reflects the fact that people naturally assess the agency of individuals following a moral misdeed."

Gray, Gray, and Wegner's research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Their online survey is available at http://mind.wjh.harvard.edu.
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