Among the countless attributes of Allaah, there are some which were mentioned repeatedly in the Qur’aan. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم concentrated on teaching these particular attributes to the people, using the terms mentioned in the Qur’aan (naSS
نَصّ) as well as the terms carrying the same meaning (ma^naa
مَعْنَى).
Accordingly, the scholars deduced that it is obligatory upon every accountable Muslim to know these particular attributes. They are thirteen (13).
Many scholars mentioned that
knowing those thirteen (13) attributes is a personal obligation. The later scholars took special care to explicitly mention this obligation, such as as-sanoosiyy (the author of The Sanoosiyy Creed), al-FuDaaliyy (a Maalikiyy scholar), ash-shurnoobiyy (also a Maalikiyy scholar), and others among those later scholars. Among the heads of the scholars of the Salaf who explicitly named these attributes and indicated that it was obligatory for every accountable Muslim to know them was Imaam Abu Hanifah.
He mentioned this in his book, Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar.
These thirteen (13) attributes are:
1. Existence (al-Wujood). Allaah exists and is not similar to the other things which exist. Allah’s Existence is without a beginning, without an end, and without a place.
In surat Ibraaheem, 10, Allah said:
أَفِي اللّهِ شَكٌّ
This Ayah means: [The existence of Allaah is indubitable.] Allaah exists without a doubt.
2. Oneness (al-WaHdaniyyah). ‘Allaah is One’ means Allaah does not have a partner with Him in Godhood.
Allaah said in suratul-Ambiyaa’, 22:
لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ إِلَّا اللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا
This ayah means: [Had there been Gods for the heaven and Earth other than Allaah, they (heaven and Earth) would not have existed.]
3. Eternity (al-Qidam, i.e., al-Azaliyyah). Allaah’s Existence is without a beginning. This means His Existence was not preceded by non-existence.
4. Everlastingness (al-Baqaa').Allaah’s Existence does not have an end. He does not cease to exist.
Allaah said in surat al-Hadeed, 3:
هُوَ الْأَوَّلُ وَالْآخِرُ
This Ayah means: [Allaah is the One Whose Existence is without a beginning and without an end.]
5. Non-neediness of others (al-Qiyaamu bin-Nafs).This means that Allaah is not in need of anything, and everything else needs Him.
In surat Aal ^Imraan, 97, Allaah said:
فَإِنَّ الله غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ
This Ayah means: [Allaah does not need any of the worlds.]
6. Power (al-Qudrah).Allaah has Power over all the creations. Allaah is not powerless over anything, as Allaah attributed to Himself in surat al-Baqarah, 109:
إِنَّ اللّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ
This Ayah means: [Allaah has the perfect Power over all things.]
7. Will (al-Iraadah).Everything that Allaah willed in eternity for it to exist must come into existence at the time which Allaah willed for it to exist. Nothing will exist unless Allaah willed for it to exist.
suratat-takweer, 29:
وَمَا تَشَاؤُونَ إِلَّا أَن يَشَاءَ اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ
Means: [You do not will anything except by the Will of Allaah, the Lord of the Worlds.]
8. Knowledge (al-^Ilm).Allaah knows everything; nothing is hidden from Him, as He attributed to Himself in surat al-‘Anfaal, 75:
إِنَّ اللّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ
This ayah means: [Allaah has the perfect knowledge of everything.]
9. Hearing (as-Sam^).Allaah hears all hearable things without an ear or any other instrument.
No hearable thing is hidden from Him.
Allaah said in surat ash-shooraa, 11:
وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ البَصِيرُ
This ayah means: [Allaah is attributed with Hearing and Sight.]
10. Sight (al-Basar).Allaah sees all seeable things without the need of a pupil (an eye) or light.
Nothing is hidden from Him.
(surat ash-shooraa, 11)
11. Life (al-Hayaah).Allaah is attributed with an eternal and everlasting Life, which is not similar to our life.
Allaah’s Life does not have a beginning or an end, and is not a combination of body and soul.
Allaah attributed Life to Himself in suratal-Baqarah, 255:
اللّهُ لاَ إِلَـهَ إِلاَّ هُوَ الْحَيُّ الْقَيُّومُ
This ayah means: [No one is God but Allaah, the One Who is attributed with Life and is not in need of anything.]
12. Speech (al-Kalaam).Allaah’s Speech (Kalaam) is an eternal and everlasting attribute of the Self (Reality) of Allaah and is not a letter, sound or language.
Allaah attributed Speech (Kalaam) to Himself in surat an-Nisaa’, 164:
وَكَلَّمَ اللّهُ مُوسَى تَكْلِيماً
It means: [Allah spoke to Musa with His eternal Speech (Kalaam).]
13. Non-Resemblance to the Creation (al-Mukhaalafatu lil-Hawaadith).Allaah is clear of any of the attributes of the creation, because the attributes of the creations indicate that the creatures are in need of a Creator. Had Allaah been attributed with any of these attributes, He would have been in need of one who created Him, and Allaah is clear of that.
The proof that Allaah does not resemble the creations is the verse of the Qur’aan, surat ash-shooraa, 11:
لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ
It means: [Nothing resembles Allaah in any way whatsoever.]