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HISTORY of BATAK

A version of History says that Si Raja Batak (the King of Batak) and the followers came from Thailand, went thru Malaysian Peninsula then sailed and landed in Sumatra. They found and settled in a place called Sianjur Mula Mula, about 8 kms West of Pangururan, a resort by the shore of Toba Lake.While another version says they came from India thru Barus or thru Alas Gayo roving South until they reached Toba Lake and settled there. Si Raja Batak lived around the year of 1200. King Si Singamangaraja XII, who was one of Si Raja Batak’s successors, is the 19th generation (dies in 1907), and his son, Raja Buntal is the 20th generation. Prasasti (stone inscription) in Portibi which were written in 1208 and translated by Prof. Nilakantisasri (Ancient History Professor from Madras, India). He explained that in the year of 1024 Cola Empire from India attacked Sriwijaya, initiating 1500 Tamil people to immigrate and settled in Barus.In 1275 Majapahit attacked Sriwijaya and took control several areas including Pane, Haru, and Padang Lawas.In 1400 Nakur Empire ruled the Eastern part of Toba Lake, Karo Land and some part of Aceh. Based on the above facts, Si Raja Batak was an activist from Eastern of Lake Toba (now called Simalungun), from South of Toba (Portibi) or from Western part of Lake Toba (Barus), migrated to the inner part of Toba because of the confrontation with Tamil people in Barus. Also because of Mojopahit attack of Sriwijaya, Si Raja Batak who was an officer of Sriwijaya Empire placed in Portibi, Padang Lawas and Eastern of Lake Toba (Simalungun). The title of “King” or “Raja” was given to him by his family as an honor to him. Also for his sucessors Si Raja Lontung, Si Raja Borbor, Si Raja Oloan, etc. The title “King” not necessarily that they had territory and people to rule.Based on TAROMBO BORBOR MARSADA book, Si Raja Batak has three children: GURU TETEA BULAN, RAJA ISUMBAON and TOGA LAUT and the are believed to be the great ancestor of Marga Batak (Batak Clan Names).



got it from here

thanks

Maybe somebody can tell more about Agresi Militer Belanda (Politionele Acties) and Kapitein Raymond Westerling. Dari sd sy sudah tinggal di belanda, and here you dont get anything about it at school...

This is a new story for me thanks!

Anything ask Majapahitans.. he knows best.

History of Minahasa, Manado and Bitung

The name of the land of Minahasa has been changed several times: Batacina-Malesung-Minaesa and then finally the current name Minahasa, meaning "becoming one united". This name dates from the war against the Kingdom of Bolaang Mangondow.

The lives of the earlier inhabitants of Minahasa have been described as Masala-sla-mapodo-podos-marura-rurag-mawale-wale-tumani, meaning making nest on trees, up and down the rattan forest, living in caves, living in houses, and establishing village.

The history of Minahasa may be devided into four periods:
- Before Malesung : before 690 AD
- Malesung Era : 690 - 1400
- Minaesa Era : 1400 - 1523
- Minahasa Era : 1523 - now

It is unknown when the land of Minahasa was first occupied by humans, but the warugas in Sawangan provide evidence that the ancestors of the Minahasan people date from the stone age. The Minahasans believe that they are descendants of Toar and Lumimuut. Initially, the descendants of Toar-Lumimuut were divided into 3 groups: Makatelu-pitu (three times seven), Makarua-siuw (two times nine) and Pasiowan-Telu (nine times three). They multiplied quickly. But soon there were disputes among these people. Their leaders (Tona'as) then decided to meet and talk about this. They met in Awuan (north of the current Tonderukan hill). That meeting was called Pinawetengan u-nuwu (dividing of language) or Pinawetengan um-posan (dividing of ritual). At that meeting the descendants were divided into three groups named Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan corresponding to the groups mentioned above. At the place where this meeting took place a memorial stone called Watu Pinabetengan (Stone of Dividing) was then built. It is a favourite tourist destination.

The groups Tonsea, Tombulu, and Tontemboan then established their main territories which were Maiesu, Niaranan, and Tumaratas respectively. Soon several villages were established outside these teritories. These new villages then became a ruling center of a group of villages called puak, later walak, comparable to the present-day district.

Subsequently a new group of people arrived in Pulisan peninsula. Due to numerous conflicts in this area, they then moved inland and established villages surrounding a large lake. These people were therefore called Tondano, Toudano or Toulour (meaning water people). This lake is now the Tondano lake.

In the following years, more groups came to Minahasa. There were:
- people from the islands of Maju and Tidore who landed in Atep. These people were the ancestors of
the subethnic Tonsawang;
- people from Tomori Bay. These were the ancestors of the subethnic Pasam-bangko (Ratahan dan Pasan);
- people from Bolaang Mangondow who were the ancestors of Ponosakan (Belang);
- people from the Bacan archipelago and Sangi, who then occupied Lembeh, Talisei Island, Manado Tua,
Bunaken and Mantehage. These were the subethnic Bobentehu (Bajo). They landed in the place now called
Sindulang. They then established a kingdom called Manado which ended in 1670 and became walak Manado.
- people from Toli-toli, who in the early 1700's landed first in Panimburan and then went to Bolaang-Mangondow
and finally to the place where Malalayang is now located. These people were the ancestors of the subethnic
Bantik.

These are the nine subethnic groups in Minahasa (which explains the number 9 in Manguni Maka-9):
Tonsea, Tombulu, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tonsawang, Pasan Ratahan, Ponosakan, Babontehu and Bantik.

The name Minahasa itself arose at the time the Minahasans fought against Bolaang Mangondow. Among the Minahasan heroes in these wars against Bolaang Mangondow are: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the war near Lilang village), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (in the war along Amurang Bay).

In the second half of the 16th century, both Portuguese and the Spanish arrived in North Sulawesi. Half-way though the 17th century there was a rapprochement between the Minahasan chiefs and the Dutch VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie), which was given concrete form in the treaty of 1679 (which can be found in the Corpus Diplomaticus Neerlando-Indicum 1934, vol. III, no 425). From 1801-1816, with few interruptions, Minahasa came under English control. In 1817 Dutch rule was re-established for what was to prove a fairly long time.

At the time of the first contact with Europeans the sultanate of Ternate held some sway over North Sulawesi, and the area was often visited by seafaring Bugis traders from South Sulawesi. The Spanish and the Portuguese, the first Europeans to arrive, landed in Minahasa via the port of Makasar, but also landed at Sulu island (off the north coast of Borneo) and at the port of Manado. The Spanish set themselves up in the Philippines. Although they had sporadic contacts with Minahasa, the Spanish and Portuguese influence was limited by the power of Ternate.

The Portuguese left reminders of their presence in the north in subtle ways. Portuguese surnames and various Portuguese words not found elsewhere in Indonesia, like garrida for an enticing woman and buraco for a bad man, can still be found in Minahasa. In the 1560's the Portuguese Franciscan missionaries made some converts in Minahasa.

The abundance of natural resources in Minahasa made Manado a strategic port for European traders sailing to and from the spice island of Maluku. Spain established a fort at Manado. Minahasan rulers wanted their unruly and corrupt Spanish guests out, and sent Supit, Pa'at dan Lontoh (their statues are located in Kauditan, about 30 km to Bitung) to the Dutch VOC in Ternate for help. The Dutch and their Minahasan allies eventually gained the upper hand in 1655, built their own fortress in 1658 and expelled the last of the Spaniards a few years later.

By the early 17th century the Dutch had toppled the Ternate sultanate, and then set about eclipsing the Spanish and Portuguese. As was the usual case in the 1640s and 50s, the Dutch colluded with local powers to throw out their European competitors. In 1677 the Dutch occupied Pulau Sangir and, two years later, the Dutch governor of Maluku, Robert Padtbrugge, visited Manado. Out of this visit came a treaty with the local Minahasan chiefs, which led to domination by the Dutch for the next 300 years.

The Dutch helped unite the linguistically diverse Minahasa confederacy, and in 1693 the Minahasa scored a decisive military victory against the Bolaang to the south. The Dutch influence flourished as the Minahasans embraced the European goods and Christian religion. Missionary schools in Manado in 1881 were among the first attempts at mass education in Indonesia, giving their graduates a considerable edge in gaining civil service, military and other positions of influence.

Relations with the Dutch were often less than cordial (a war was fought around Tondano between 1807 and 1809) and the region did not actually come under direct Dutch rule until 1870. The Dutch and the Minahasans eventually became so close that the north was often referred to as the 12th province of the Netherlands. A Manado - based political movement called Twaalfe Provincie even campaigned for Minahasa's integration into the Dutch state in 1947.

Portuguese activity apart, Christianity became a force in the early 1820s when a Calvinist group, the Netherlands Missionary Society, turned from an almost exclusive interest in Maluku to the Minahasa area. The wholesale conversion of the Minahasans was almost complete by 1860. With the missionaries came mission schools, which meant that, as in Ambon and Roti, Western education in Minahasa started much earlier than in other parts of Indonesia. The Dutch government eventually took over some of these schools and also set up others. Because the schools taught in Dutch, the Minahasans had an early advantage in the competition for government jobs and places in the colonial army. Minahasans remain among the educated elite today.

The Minahasans fought alongside the Dutch to subdue rebellions in other parts of the archipelago, notably in the Java War of 1825-30. They seemed to gain a special role in the Dutch scheme of things and their loyalty to the Dutch as soldiers, their Christian religion and their geographic isolation from the rest of Indonesia all led to a sense of being 'different' from the other ethnic groups of the archipelago.

The Japanese occupation of 1942-45 was a period of deprivation, and the allies bombed Manado heavily in 1945. During the war of independence that followed, there was bitter division between pro-Indonesian Unitarians and those favoring Dutch-sponsored federalism. The appointment of a Manadonese Christian, Sam Ratulangi, as the first republican governor of eastern Indonesia, was decisive in winning Minahasan support for the republic.

As the young republic lurched from crisis to crisis, Jakarta's monopoly over the copra trade seriously weakened Minahasa's economy. Illegal exports flourished and in June 1956 Jakarta ordered the closure of Manado port, the busiest smuggling port in the republic. Local leaders refused and Jakarta backed down. Soon the Permesta rebels confronted the central government with demands for political, economic and regional reform. Jakarta responded in Manado by bombing the city in February 1958, and then invading in June 1958.

The Minahasan sense of being different quickly became a problem for the central government after independence. As in Sumatra there was a general feeling that the central government was inefficient, development was stagnating and money was being plugged into Java. Circumstances favored the spread of communism.

In March 1957 the military leaders of both southern and northern Sulawesi launched a confrontation with the central government, with demands for greater regional autonomy. They demanded more local development, a fairer share of revenue, help in suppressing the Kahar Muzakar rebellion in Southern Sulawesi, and a cabinet of the central government led jointly by Soekarno and Hatta. At least initially the 'Permesta' (Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam) rebellion was a reformist rather than a separatist movement.

Negotiations between the central government and the Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in southern Sulawesi, but the Minahasan leaders were dissatisfied with the agreements and the movement split. Inspired, perhaps, by fears of domination by the south, the Minahasan leaders declared their own autonomous state of North Sulawesi in June 1957. By this time the central government had the situation in southern Sulawesi pretty much under control but in the north they had no strong local figure to rely upon and there were rumors that the USA, suspected of supplying arms to rebels in Sumatra, was also in contact with the Minahasan leaders.

The possibility of foreign intervention finally drove the central government to seek military support from southern Sulawesi. Permesta forces were driven out of central Sulawesi, Gorontalo, the Sangir island and from Morotai in Maluku (from whose airfield the rebels had hoped to fly bombing raids on Jakarta). The rebels' few planes (supplied by the USA and flown by Filipino, Taiwanese and US pilots) were destroyed. US policy shifted, favoring Jakarta, and in June 1958 central government troops landed in Minahasa. The Permesta rebellion was finally put down in mid-1961.

The effect of both the Sumatran and Sulawesi rebellions was to strengthen exactly those trends the rebels had hoped to weaken. Central authority was enhanced at the expense of local autonomy, radical nationalism gained over pragmatic moderation, the power of the communists and Soekarno increased while that of Hatta waned, and Soekarno was able to establish guided democracy in 1959.

Recently, the Indonesian government has adopted policies to strengthen local autonomy, the very idea that Permesta fought for.

I got this info from here

^ cool thanks for that XxRyoChanxX!!

The Mandailing People

The Mandailings in the Homeland

The Mandailing people live on the west coast of Sumatra island, where they were traditionally engaged in padi-planting, buffalo-herding and gold-mining. A rich mythology surrounds their origins, but historical record is scant, dating from the 14th century. Their homeland is divided into Mandailing Godang (Lower Mandailing) and Mandailing Julu (Upper Mandailing); their respective administrative centres are Panyabungan Tonga-Tonga and Kota Nopan.

Mandailing society is organised according to Dalihan na Tolu (the confluence of three). This refers to the kinship system based on marga (clans), who are bonded together through marriage and by the principle of Olong Dohot Domu (love and companionship). Mandailing governance is fiercely democratic and egalitarian. Na Mora Na Toras (the council of nobles and elders) ensures justice and dynamic leadership. The Gordang Sambilan are the ceremonial drums that heralded war, marriages, installations and funerals. During such ceremonies, the Sabe-Sabe ceremonial shawls are worn and Tor-Tor (dance) is performed. Mandailing society, culture and economy is based on agriculture, reflected in its human-made landscape of terrace padi fields and an ingenious irrigation system.


The Mandailing Migration to Malaysia

The Mandailings have a long tradition of sojourning to the west coast of peninsular Malaysia, which they call Pai Kolang. The Padri War, 1816-1833 was both a civil war and a war against the Dutch, resulting in the devastation of the Mandailing homeland. This episode was the catalyst of a large exodus, involving the migration of entire clans led by their Namora Natoras (Nobles and Elders), to the peninsula.

The presence of this horde of Mandailing migrants in mid-19th century Malaysia triggered a series of local wars in four different negeri (states) over the next 30 years. Coming through Malacca, the Mandailing refugees first stopped to mine in Sungai Ujong (today known as Seremban, Negeri Sembilan), where they played a supporting role in the the Rawa War of 1848. Then they fled to gold mines of Pahang, where they became embroiled in the War of the Kemaman Men, 1857-1863 (also called the Pahang War). Next, they tried to capture the tin mines of Selangor, and became the commanders of the Selangor War, 1867-1873. Amidst the call to vanquish the Mandilings, they made their way to Perak and became the storm troopers of the British in the Perak War, 1875-1876 against the native Perak Malays. Many Mandailings settled down in Selangor and Perak after the wars. From miners, traders and mercenaries, they became adminstrators, educationists and foresters.


http://www.mandailing.org/

^
Oh sweet~! That's a new information for me, thanks!

Can you categorize clan names of Batak ethnic? e.g:

Toba Batak:
- Rajagukguk
- Pardede
- Simatupang
etc

Mandailing:
- Nasution
- Lubis
etc

Can you categorize clan names of Batak ethnic? e.g:

Toba Batak:
- Rajagukguk
- Pardede
WE NOT RULZ


Mandailing:
- Nasution
- Lubis
We RULZ

^
Thanx test for the info...
Whoa love this board, i get so many informations..

Did u know Kublain khan once set foot on indonesia. Read on,

The Majapahit Empire was based in eastern Java and ruled much of the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak. The Majapahit was the last of the great Hindu empires of the Malay archipelago. It was preceded by the Srivijayan kingdom, based in Palembang on the island of Sumatra. The founder of the Majapahit Empire, Kertarajasa, was the son-in-law of the ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, also based in Java. After Singhasari drove Srivijaya out of Java altogether in 1290, the rising power of Singhasari came to the attention of Kublai Khan in China and he sent emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanagara, ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, refused to pay tribute and the Khan sent a punitive expedition which arrived off the coast of Java in 1293. By that time, a rebel from Kediri, Jayakatwang, had killed Kertanagara. The Majapahit founder allied himself with the Mongols against Jayakatwang and, once the Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, turned and forced his Mongol allies to withdraw in confusion.

This was shown on discovery channel a few years back. And for more info check this out --->MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE

Site with many, many links to Indonesian history, both in English and bahasa Indonesia

hats off to Bapak Londoh for compiling the Indonesian history links into one site !
another link for historical buffs specializing in Indonesian Archaeology is Arkeologi Net

and... to know all the marga (clans) of Batak people, click here: Marga Batak or for all thing Bataks (culture, clans, script, language, dictionary), click here: Bona Pasogit

good work people! together we accomplish many things! alone we perish and only wish to be together with one another.AR SOH

Kidung Sundayana
A historical tale about royal romance and the bloody battle between Majapahit Empire and Sunda Kingdom.

Check this link: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/reference/kidung_sunda

This romantic tale might not be historically correct 100%. In this story tells us that Emperor Hayam Wuruk die immediately because of brokenhearted, not long after his lover, Sundanese Princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi commit suicide on Bubat square. The fact is Emperor still reign fo many years, and married Paduka Sori for the sake of Majapahit royal lineage.

I think this part of Majapahit-Sunda history is somehow really sad , romantic, and yet beautiful.

Maja, have you finished the comic? I'm eager to buy it! I am!!

Not yet.....
My day work (erh..., actually night work) consumed much of my times..... T.T

You don't have to buy it. I'm happily gave it to you free...
But I really don't know when will it finished.....

Almost like an eternal project for me.....

That's okay Maja. It could be your rason to live And thanks for giving it free for me. I'll keep your promise as long as you live...hehehe..

Excellent link containing all information about little-known Japanese invasion of Dutch East Indies in 1942:

http://www.geocities.com/dutcheastindies/

Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI)

Indonesian Communist Party was one of the biggest and most important political parties in early Indonesia, and prior to its destruction in 1965, was the third largest communist party in the world.


PKI leadership in Batavia, 1925

The party was established in Surabaya by Dutch communist Henricus Sneevliet aka Maring in 1914 as Indies Social Democratic Association (Dutch: Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging ; ISDV). Maring would later go on to found the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. ISDV originally consisted of 85 members, all whites, members of Dutch socialist parties SDAP (Sociaal-Democratische Arbeiders Partij) and SDP (Sociaal-Democratishce Partij) residing in Indonesia.

On October 1915, ISDV started its first publication in Dutch, Het Vrije Woord, edited by Adolf Baars. At this point ISDV was white-majority party, with 100 members, of which only three were Indonesians.

In 1917, ISDV provoked a rebellion among three thousand Dutch soldiers and sailors in Surabaya. The soldiers formed the Surabaya Soviet, copying the Bolshevik revolt in Russia that year. Dutch colonial authorities quickly suppressed the rebellion, deporting the Dutch leaders of the revolt (including Maring) from Indonesia, and executing or imprisoning the leaders of the soldiers' mutiny.

The Surabaya soviet revolt depleted ISDV of its white membership, moving the party into a majority Indonesian party. In 1919, there were only 25 whites out of a total of 400 members.

In 1920 ISDV changed its name to Partai Komunis di Hindia (PKH). PKH was the oldest communist party in Asia, represented in the 1920 Communist International Congress in Moscow by Maring. PKH's first chairman was a Javanese tramworker, Semaun.

In 1924, PKH again changed its name to Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). PKI membership grew rapidly thanks to Semaun's strategy of infiltrating the Muslim organisation Sarekat Islam, eventually causing half of its membership to break-off, forming the Red Sarekat Islam, which eventually merged with PKI.

In 1926, PKI launched full-scale rebellion in Banten and West Sumatera, declaring Soviet Republic of Indonesia. The rebellion was quickly crushed by the Dutch authorities, who killed 1000 people and arrested 13000. 1308 persons, including the whole PKI leadership, were exiled to the malaria-infested Boven Digoel concentration camp in West New Guinea.

Between 1926-1945, Indonesian communists went underground, with most of its leadership in exile, with Musso, as chairman living in Moscow under protection of Stalin.

In 1945, after the proclamation of independence by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, PKI re-emerged to participate in the war of independence against Dutch recolonisation attempts. PKI controlled many armed groups, such as Pesindo and PSI. These groups often clashed with nationalist and Islamist armed groups, particularly over the decision by President Sukarno to use negotiations with the Dutch.

In 1948, PKI chairman Musso returned to Indonesia after twenty years' exile in Soviet Union. In response to the very disadventageous Renville Agreement signed by Sukarno government that year, PKI joined Pesindo and leftist-PSI in forming the People's Democratic Front (Front Demokrasi Rakyat; FDR). FDR seized control of East Javanese city of Madiun on September 1948, declaring a Soviet Republic of Indonesia with Musso as president and Amir Sjarifuddin as prime minister. In areas under their control, PKI murdered thousands of nationalists and Islamic clerics, their ideological enemies.

However, no mass revolt in support of PKI occured, so the Indonesian army of the Siliwangi Division under General Gatot Subroto quickly crushed the communist revolt, killing thousands of PKI members and arresting 36000. PKI leader Musso was shot dead, while Amir Sjarifuddin was captured and later executed.

However, PKI was not banned, and the party re-established itself in 1950 under its young chairman Dipa Nusantara Aidit, a Belitung Malay. Aidit changed PKI's strategy into a nationalist, anti-Western party in accordance to the policies of President Sukarno. This change of policy caused PKI membership to soar exponentially, from 5,000 members in 1950 to 165,000 members in 1954, and 1.5 million by 1959.

In 1955 elections, PKI won fourth place, winning 16% of the votes. The communist advance alarmed the Muslim party Masyumi, who collaborated with opportunist regional military chiefs, the CIA, MI-6, and even the radical Islamist DI-TII rebels in launching the PRRI-Permesta rebellion in 1958. This rebellion, however, was quickly crushed by the Indonesian army helped by PKI volunteers.

In 1959, President Sukarno disbanded parliamentary democracy and installed a personal dictatorship. In 1960, Sukarno declared his rule would be supported by three elements of Indonesian society: Nationalists, Communists, and Religionists (Nasionalis, Agamais, Komunis; NASAKOM), hence cementing PKI's place in Sukarno's dictatorship system.

Under NASAKOM, PKI supported the successful confrontation against the Dutch to take control of West Papua. PKI played a great deal in getting President Sukarno in declaring the confrontation against Malaysia, a policy suggested by China and Soviet Union to help the rebellion of the Malayan Communist Party. PKI volunteer armed units actively participated in the jungle fighting against British and Commonwealth forces in Sabah and Sarawak. Internationally, PKI pushed Sukarno to withdrew from the UN and aligned Indonesia with China.

G30S/PKI



Dipa Nusantara Aidit, the brains behind G30S/PKI


Under NASAKOM, PKI rallies always includes photo of Sukarno alongside those of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, and Mao


Sukarno addressing a PKI rally

Worries about Sukarno's declining health caused PKI to be concerned as to what their ideological rivals, the nationalists (represented by the army) and the religionists would do against them in a post-Sukarno Indonesia. Therefore, in 1964, PKI established the Biro Chusus (BC) to infiltrate and eventually gain control of Indonesian armed forces. By 1965, PKI has full control of the air force and has neutralised the navy and the police. Although PKI made strong inroads in infiltrating the army, the top leadership remained strongly anti-communist by manifesting the Tri Ubaya Cakti, a statement opposing Sukarno's alignment with China and his confrontation against Malaysia.

Therefore, to neutralise this threat, PKI spread strong propaganda accusing the top army generals of being CIA agents plotting to overthrow Sukarno, while pressing for a "fifth armed force" consisting of peasants and workers armed by China, which would virtually be PKI's own armed force.

However, this did not satisfy Mao Zedong, who urged PKI chairman Aidit on a Zhongnanhai (Beijing) meeting on 5 August 1965 to immediately wipe out PKI's army opponents. Considering Sukarno's erratic and unreliable behaviour in recent years, Mao urges PKI to immediately take power from Sukarno soon afterwards to forever secure Indonesia as a communist state under China's orbit.


Aidit (l) and Sudisman presented a bird-of-paradise to their boss, Mao Zedong


Sukarno and Aidit


Sukarno and Mao Zedong. Mao thought of Sukarno as an unreliable ally and wanted to get rid of him.

On 30 September 1965, pro-communist army units based from Halim airforce base in East Jakarta, led by Lieut-Col Untung bin Sjamsuri, kidnapped and killed seven generals, the whole top leadership of the army. The coup plotters seized the RRI radio station and telecommunication building, announced themselves as 30th of September Movement, and proclaimed a Revolutionary Council government excluding Sukarno. PKI newspaper Harian Rakjat immediately declared support for the massacre, calling the dead generals "CIA agents".

The involvement of PKI in this murder plot is undeniable as all the top members of the PKI Politburo CC (Central Commitee): Aidit, Njoto, Lukman, Sudisman, and Sakirman were all at Halim AF Base that night. Halim AF Base was chosen as the base for the coup plotters since the airforce chief, Marshall Omar Dhani, was completely under communist control.

However, the coup were foiled by two persons: Sukarno and Suharto.

Sukarno had been informed of the murder plans by PKI chairman Aidit on August 1965. He had approved of the plan as he was convinced that these generals were truly plotting to overthrow him. However, during the night of the murders, Sukarno decided not to sleep in Merdeka Palace, where Untung's soldiers were supposed to pick him up later that night to "secure" him in Halim AF Base. He instead stayed at his third wife Haryati's house in Grogol, where the next morning he heard the radio announcement where he was excluded from the new revolutionary government. Sensing that the plotters were actually trying to overthrew him, Sukarno gambled with his luck:

FIRST, Sukarno ordered his adjudant Brig-Gen Sabur to make a press release that he, President of Indonesia, is healthy and still hold the rein of power.
SECOND, Sukarno made a bold gamble by driving with a few dozen of his heavily-armed personal bodyguards to Halim AF Base, where he ordered the pro-communist army officer coordinating the whole 30th September operations, Brig-Gen Supardjo, to immediately cease all operations and withdrew all of their soldiers from the radio and telecommunication stations and return to Halim AF Base. Faced with a direct order by Sukarno, Brig-Gen Supardjo chickened out and complied, without consulting Aidit.

Hence, the PKI coup immediately collapsed as the "pro-communist" soldiers abandoned Aidit to comply with Sukarno's commands. Hearing of Sukarno's orders, Admiral RE Martadinata of the navy and Commisioner Sutjipto Judodihardjo of the police issued statements condemning the generals' murders. Aidit and his fellow CC members at first tried to threaten Sukarno and the soldiers, but to no avail. Consequently, the PKI leadership decided to fly to the safety of relatively pro-communist area of Surakarta - Central Java, using an airforce plane given by Marshall Dhani.

Afterwards, Sukarno contacted KOSTRAD and KODAM JAYA soldiers and ordered them to immediately occupy Halim AF Base. The president then drove from Halim to the safety of Bogor Palace, while his children were flown to Bandung in a helicopter to gain protection of Sukarno-loyalist Siliwangi Division.

PKI had failed to took into account an obscure general Suharto, commander of KOSTRAD (Startegic Reserve Commandos) whose forces are readily available in Jakarta. Suharto knew of the murder plot the day before from his pro-communist friend Colonel Latief, who believed Suharto, a known Sukarno-loyalist, would at least stay neutral. Suharto decided to sit out the murders that night, because he was not sure on whether this plot was backed by Sukarno or not.

On October 1, hearing of exclusion of the president from the rebels' radio statement, Suharto realised that Sukarno was not behind the coup plotters. He immediately mobilised his KOSTRAD soldiers, augmented by KODAM JAYA troops (commanded by Suharto's pal Gen Umar Wirahadikusumah) to retake the RRI radio station, declaring the murders and the coup as an attempted rebellion meant to overthrow President Sukarno. On October 2, having been tipped-off by Sukarno, Suharto led a joint KOSTRAD-KODAM JAYA-RPKAD assault on Halim AF Base, the base of the coup plotters. Disoriented and disorganised, the pro-communist soldiers, including Untung, put up little resistance and surrendered.

After arriving in Central Java, Aidit attempted to form a "revolutionary government" in cities of Semarang, Boyolali, Solo, and Yogyakarta, where pro-communist soldiers from Diponegoro Division had seized control. However, upon hearing that the rebellion in Jakarta had collapsed, these soldiers begin to abandon Aidit and disappeared from view. Not only that, PKI ranks begin to crack, with many members deciding to distance themselves from the coup attempt. Aidit was forced to abandon the cities and hide in the Solo countryside.

To replace the dead army commander (Gen Ahmad Yani), President Sukarno appointed Gen Suharto. For the first week after the coup attempt, from the Bogor Palace, Sukarno attempted to be belittle the generals' murders as "a ripple in the ocean" (een rimpeltje in de oceaan) as to take away attention from the fact that he himself had approved the operation. He blamed the murders on "misguided elements" of the PKI, without blaming the PKI as a whole, as to maintain the NASAKOM base of his dictatorship.

However, the army, having lost its top leadership to communist murderers, was not accepting this. They wanted to destroy the PKI to its roots. Cooperating with religious and student elements, the army launched massive anti-communist violence, tinged with anti-Chinese undertones, throughout the country, starting by the burning down of PKI headquarters in Jl Kramat Raya 81 on 8 October 1965 by Pemuda Ansor NU. Under the leadership of Gen Sarwo Edhie Wibowo, RPKAD troops swept Central and East Java, then Bali to "wipe out the communists". Thousands of youth heed the call of "jihad" by NU and Muhammadiyah, ensuing a bloodbath in which approximately 500,000 - 1 million real or suspected members of PKI were killed. One million people were arrested and jailed, many to distant penal colonies in remote islands.

Aidit was captured and killed by RPKAD soldiers under Maj Yasir Hadisubroto on 22 November 1965. PKI Politburo members Njono, Sudisman, Sjam, Pono, and Lukman were captured on 9 March 1967 and all were later executed.

In 1968, remnants of PKI under its youth leader Sukitno and Oloan Simandjuntak launched small-scale armed rebellion in Blitar, East Java. However, the army quickly crushed this rebellion in Operasi Trisula, killing both Sukitno and Simandjuntak.

Between 1967-1972, PKI armed units in West Borneo formerly engaged in Malaysian Confrontation along Sarawak border engaged in anti-military insurgency (PGRS-Paraku rebellion). By 1972, however, the army had crushed this rebellion, killing its leader, former Pontianak PKI chief Sofyan bin Hamid.

With this event, Indonesian Communist Party died for the last time.

SOURCE:
Fic, Victor Miroslav, KUDETA 1 OKTOBER 1965, Buku Obor, Jakarta, 2004

Found a link about Indonesian History, from its early history up to the Coup, and Foreign Policy under Suharto:

http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/

and here's from another site with an interesting twist to the Coup:

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/wor...r/indo-coup.htm

And here's the history of the Melayu people:

http://www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk/malaya/index.htm

About Haji Misbach from Solo, who promoted a mix of Komunism and Islam

Wikipedia article about Tan Malaka, Indonesia's most prominent Marxist ideologue and swashbuckling international revolutionary adventurer

Maja, are u making a comic book on the history of Indonesia?? That's a brilliant thing, would like to get a copy when published!! Hope its translated to english?

That’s his plan. An English comic of Majapahit Empire Can't wait to receive it, he promised me

The Indonesian branch of Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterspartei / NSDAP) was established on June 1933 under the supervision of NSDAP/Auslands-Organisation (Nazi Party Foreign Organisation) by energetic German diplomat and personal friend of Hitler, Walther Hewel. Nazi ideology found widespread support amongst Netherlands East Indies' large German community. By 1935, the Nazi Party has established branches (Ostgruppen) in Batavia (Jakarta), Bandung, Makassar, Surabaya, Semarang, Medan, and Padang.

Walther Hewel later returned to Germany and was quickly promoted thanks to his work in establishing Naziism in Indonesia. Hewel became member of Hitler's personal staff as his contact-person with Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. Hewel followed Hitler to the end, staying with Hitler until his suicide in Fuhrer-bunker in 1945. To avoid capture by the Russians, Hewel committed suicide soon after Germany surrendered a week later. Hewel's character can be seen in recent movie, "Downfall".

The local German Nazi Party allied with the Dutch Nazi Party NSB (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging) and other white-supremacist groups in the Vaderland Front, which controlled the quasi-colonial parliament Volksraad. Supported by Dutch colonial government, particularly the Nazi-sympathiser Governor-General Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge, Vaderland Front stridently oppossed any concession to the nascent Indonesian nationalist movements.

Pressure from the local Nazis caused the Dutch colonial government to adopt a repressive policies against Indonesian nationalists in early 1930s, leading its leader Sukarno to be arrested and sent to exile, while many more Indonesians were sent to their deaths in malaria-infested concentration camp in Boven Digoel in Dutch New Guinea (now Papua province).


Nazi Party local committee in Padang - West Sumatra

Mas Pur,

It should be proper of you to give the source of this story, as I presume the story above is not the result of your own hard work. I also don't think you made the photo yourself.
I ask this as this information is new to me and should like to know this story more in depth.

Oh my goodness it's frickin awesome!

It becomes more freaky if you know what the Dutch did to the German citizens and NSB members in Hindia at the time Germany occupied the Netherlands on May 10th, 1940

One of the famous Germans who feel victim to the Dutch in the Indies

^what happened to him?

He drowned

^accidentally, or was he killed by drowning?

after the ship he was imprisoned on was bombed by the Japanese. Hundreds of Germans died then, they were trapped in iron cages, like animals.

wow...I need study my indonesian history again

Impossible, too rich, too much,, you should pick out certain periods or interests. Only Mas Pur knows everything about Indonesia, as only "man" in the whole wide world

Sounds like accidental death, but horrendous nevertheless.

If prisoners are transported just because to get them away from the Japanese, scared as the Dutch were these prisoners could be used as propaganda, it is no accident. The Dutch knew which risks they were taking. As soon the ship was bombed the crew of the ship fled away and left the ship sinking with all the prisoners left on board in cages. There are a few more cases like this.

is thread is really good for me...
so i can remember it again..for my spmb test on july...
keep on posting man!!
it will be better if you don't onnly post Indonesia history..but also world history..

I am only interested in certain aspects of Indonesian history. But if you go to my site you wil find a lot abt. Indo history. It is mentioned somewhere before in this thread.

where is that somewhere??
may i know your website?
that would be nice to visit it..

This is the one. End of this month there will be a change new design and reorganisation. I will try to put more Indonesian content on it. This actually started as a joke, but many Indonesian like it

i'm checking it up now!

you seem really like indonesia..probably more than i do..

Don't worry londoh, I'll help your attempt to become "historian".

BOOK SOURCE:
Drooglever, PJ (1980), De Vaderlandsche Club 1929-1942: totoks en de Indische politiek, Franeker: Wever

JOURNAL SOURCE:
Hadler, Jeffrey (2004), "Translations of anti-Semitism: Jews, the Chinese, and violence in colonial Indonesia", Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol.32, No.94, November 2004

ONLINE SOURCE:
http://www.shoa.de/p_walther_hewel.html

It's in Dutch.

From the ranks of Dutch Nazis and fascists who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II, it appears there is a high proportion of people born in Indonesia or has Indonesian background. Following two successful visits by its leader Anton Adriaan Mussert to Indonesia in 1936, the Dutch Nazi Party NSB (Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging) managed to attain more than 6000 members in Indonesia at 1937, or more than 15% of total white population in Indonesia at that time. Just goes to show what kind of whites controlled Indonesia during colonialism:


Meinhoud Marinus Rost van Tonningen, deputy leader of NSB (the biggest Dutch Nazi Party) and SS-Obersturmführer, born in Surabaya in 1894. His father was KNIL general Rost Bernardus van Tonningen who was made adjudant-general of Queen Wilhelmina for his role in colonial wars against the people of Lombok, Aceh, and Bali.


Ernst Herman ridder van Rappard, leader of NSNAP-Hitlerbeweging (Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiderspartij - Hitlerbeweging) and virulent anti-Semite. NSNAP-Hitlerbeweging is an even more virulent variation of Dutch Nazi Party who promoted Anschluss (union) of Netherlands with Germany. Van Rappard joined Waffen-SS and fought in Russia. He was born in Banyumas - Central Java in 1899.



Pieter Emiel Keuchenius, Dutch propagandist for the cause of Naziism and virulent anti-Semite. He actively collaborated with German occupiers and urges the Dutch to aid the Germans in their "noble effort" to rid Europe of the "Jewish vermin". His most famous anti-Semitic work is the 1942 "Bloed en mythe als levenswet". Keuchenius was born in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1886 and worked as rubber planter in Indonesia until late 1920s.



Cornelis Jacobus Aart Kruyt, leader of NSNAP-Kruyt, a Dutch Nazi Party who advocated union with Germany. "Majoor" Kruyt was a KNIL major who entered Dutch politics based on his military exploits in the Aceh War.


Johan Bastiaan van Heutsz Jr, Nazi-supporter and SS-Obersturmbannführer who served as medical doctor with the Waffen-SS in Russia. He was born in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1882, the son of famous Governor-General JB van Heutsz, the "Pacificator of Aceh". He worked as medical doctor in Indonesia before returning to Europe during World War I before becoming a spy for Germany during that war. He was killed in action near Munich in 1945.

Really, Indonesia has so many facets in its history that, like Londoh said, it can be overwhelming. The history of the Dutch people in Indonesia is hardly ever mentioned in the school's textbook, although like it or not, they are part of the Indonesian history as a whole. All we ever got was just a brushstroke of ancient Indonesian history and plenty of modern Indonesian history. Someone once said that 'History is made by the victors', I guess this apply to our history too.

Thanks Pur for enlightening me about this unknown chapter of Indonesian history that I never heard about before.